FY07-09 proposal 200306500
Jump to Reviews and Recommendations
Section 1. Administrative
Proposal title | Klickitat River Cooperative Evaluation Program (Formerly Bull Trout Presence, Origin, and Movements In Bonneville Reservoir) |
Proposal ID | 200306500 |
Organization | Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW) |
Short description | Joint operations with Yakama Nation to determine and evaluate anadromous salmon and bull trout population baselines within Klickitat River. |
Information transfer | Information will be used to support the Klickitat Subbasin Goals and Objectives (including App. F, Klickitat SB Anadromous Fishery Master Plan) and provide updated bull trout stock status for inclusion within WDFW's Salmonid Stock Index (http://wdfw.wa.gov/fish/sassi/intro.htm) and develop updated management and recovery plans for populations within the Province. Potential partnerships with the Yakama Nation, U.S. Geologic Service, ODFW, and USFWS will serve to support numerous projects. Data generated from this project will be shared between Federal, State, and local entities as requested such as Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, U.S. Geologic Service at a minimum. Coordination with CBFWA's Collaborative Systemwide Monitoring and Evaluation Program, Project 200303600. Data from this project would be made available to Stream Net's Independant Data Set warehouse for public review. In addition, database transfers occur regularly to the Yakama Nation in support of their YKFP, Klickitat Only Monitoring and Evaluation Project (BPA Project 199506325) and the development of the Klickitat Subbasin Anadromous Fishery Master Plan. Scale and genetic tissue samples have been taken and provided to WDFW for evaluation of winter steelhead genetic baseline development (Dan Rawding Personal Communications). Recoveries of out-of-basin steelhead floy tags are recovered periodically most of which have originated from the Hood River and data concerning these have been transferred to ODFW staff. Bi-annual public meetings provide open avenues of communications with the general public. Mass media publications such as the Oregonian and Fishing and Hunting News have been used to highlight research efforts and promote fisheries within the basin. Regular requests for information are received from fishers regarding the status of operations and salmonid population evaluations; where feasible data and trends are disseminated to fishers when requested. Water quality data collected will be made available to the Department of Ecology and USGS. Sampling efforts at Lyle Falls have collected native resident fish and anadromous salmonids that will be/have been provided to USFWS for inclusion within their National Wild Fish Health Survey under the direction of Ken Lujan. |
Proposal contact person or principal investigator |
Contacts
Contact | Organization | |
---|---|---|
Form submitter | ||
Steven Gray | Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife | [email protected] |
All assigned contacts | ||
Steven Gray | Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife | [email protected] |
Karen Southwell | WDFW | [email protected] |
Section 2. Locations
Province / subbasin: Columbia Gorge / Klickitat
Latitude | Longitude | Waterbody | Description |
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45 43 00 | 121 15 31 | Klickitat River | Klickitat River near Lyle, WA. |
Section 3. Focal species
primary: Steelhead Middle Columbia River ESUsecondary: Chinook All Populations
secondary: Coho Lower Columbia River ESU
secondary: Bull Trout
Section 4. Past accomplishments
Year | Accomplishments |
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2005 | First year sampling at Lyle Falls. Develop trap efficiencies. Develop Sp. Chin & steelhead statistical pop. estimate. Wild Wntr Stlhd and F. Chin DNA sampling. Gear evaluations @ Drano Lake. Radio Tag first bull trout in B. Res. Drano bt capture 2006 |
2004 | WDFW Project personnel hired. Yakama Nation Subcontract development. Lyle Falls #5 fish ladder modifications to install fish trap structure. |
Section 5. Relationships to other projects
Funding source | Related ID | Related title | Relationship |
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BPA | 198805306 | Hood R Prod O&M - PGE | Provide secondary capture information on tagged Hood river steelhead |
BPA | 198805308 | Hood R Powerdale/Oak Springs | Genetic monitoring of steelhead within Klickiat subbasin will provide broader baseline within Province for ESA mid-columbia steelhead |
BPA | 199506325 | YKFP - Monitoring And Evaluati | Salmonid passage and population estimates within Klickitat subbasin, in particular, ESA listed mid-columbia steelhead. Salmonid DNA evaluations. |
BPA | 199405400 | Bull Trout Life History Projec | Increased genetic baseline data using updated microsatellite DNA protocols |
BPA | 199405300 | Bull Trout Assessment - Willam | Increased genetic baseline data using updated microsatellite DNA protocols |
BPA | 199506335 | Klickitat Fishery YKFP M & E | Lyle trap operations will provide primary and secondary marking schematics, scale, and biological data to directly support tasks 1.c and 1.d. |
Other: USFWS | [no entry] | National Wild Fish Health Survey | Incidental captures of Project 200306500 from operations within Drano Lake will be made available for pathogen monitoring by this USFWS project thereby minimizing their costs and increasing sample sizes. |
BPA | 199007700 | Dev of Sytemwide Pred Control | Coordination has been developed to collect all incidentally captured bull trout as a result of the projects' electroshocking activities throughout the Columbia River main stem below RM 293 at McNary Dam. |
BPA | 198712700 | Smolt Monitoring By Non-Feder | Coordination has been developed to collect all incidentally captured bull trout as a result of the projects' smolt monitoring activities at Bonneville, The Dalles and John Day Dam facilities. |
BPA | 200303600 | CBFWA Monitor/Eval Program | Research protocols and data will be made available to this programs meta-database for systemwide management evaluations as per ISRP's review comments. |
Section 6. Biological objectives
Biological objectives | Full description | Associated subbasin plan | Strategy |
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Anadromous Salmon and Bull Trout Monitoring | Quantitatively evaluate anadromous salmonids within the Klickitat River. Using Peterson mark recapture analysis, scale, and genetic data, population estimates, temporal run timing, origin determinations, and hatchery steelhead introgression ananlysis's will be completed. Evaluate presence, movements, and orgin of bull trout within Klickitat River. Use network of coordination and cooperation throughout the Province to record and capitolize upon any incidental captures that may occur through other research efforts within the geographic area. Increase information baseline necessary to manage fish, wildlife, and habitats. Anadromous salmonid quantitative baseline data does not exist within the basin. The results of this project will provide substantial baseline data in support of future WDFW and YKFP operations and application of the YKFP's Anadromous Fishery Master Plan. Apply new genetic 12 loci protocols developed by USFWS for bull trout genetic baseline. | Klickitat | Monitor chinook, coho, steelhead and bull trout passage and run timing @ Lyle Falls. Quantitatively evaluate annual populations and return rates.Increase salmon abundance to reduce predation due to native sp.; Increase run sizes and carcass recruitment. |
Project Coordination | Develop network of communication, coordination and cooperation for all research undertaken in geographic area. This endeavor will create an avenue for WDFW to capitolize upon any incidental captures of bull trout within the Province. | Klickitat | Cooperation whether it be with the public or other researchers is outlined in the subbasin plan and is called for in ISRP comments for large scale stanadardized research such as CBFWA's CSMEP. |
Section 7. Work elements (coming back to this)
Work element name | Work element title | Description | Start date | End date | Est budget |
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Produce Environmental Compliance Documentation | Documentation from multiple agencies for bull trout research | Secure all necessary permits and/or biological opinioins to authorize research activities undertaken by this project. Provide data for annual USFWS evaluations of statewide biological opinion on take levels for bull trout. Apply for annual NOAA 4(d) Take permits on listed species. Secure habitat HPA permits from WDFW and Klickitat County authorizations as needed for maintenance activities at Lyle Falls. | 11/1/2007 | 12/31/2007 | $15,509 |
Biological objectives Project Coordination |
Metrics |
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Operate and Maintain Habitat/Passage | Lyle Falls fish ladder operation and maintenance | Periodic maintenance and modifications to facilitate maximized useage of ladder structure by bull trout and other salmonids. | 3/1/2007 | 2/28/2008 | $38,772 |
Biological objectives Anadromous Salmon and Bull Trout Monitoring |
Metrics |
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Provide Public Access/Information | Public Access/Information | Coordinate with Federal, state and local entities and landowners to develop and construct informational kiosk sites for the dissemination of bull trout and anadromous salmonid research results. | 3/1/2007 | 2/28/2008 | $15,509 |
Biological objectives Anadromous Salmon and Bull Trout Monitoring |
Metrics |
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Coordination | Develop communication network and handling protocols for incidental bull trout captures | Develop communication network, coordination and handling protocols for incidental bull trout captures as a result of other agency projects within the two primary subbasins. Dialogues have been developed with multiple Federal, State, and local municipalities regarding the coordination of research efforts in order to maximize the potential of any incidental captures of bull trout during their research efforts. Handle and Communication protocols have been developed and disseminated to cooperative agencies. PNAMP and CBFWA will be consulted with regards to standardization of sample protocols in support of developing quantitative assessment tools in support of the Subbasin, Provincial, and overarching Fish and Wildlife Programs objectives. | 3/1/2007 | 2/28/2008 | $15,509 |
Biological objectives Project Coordination |
Metrics |
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Manage and Administer Projects | Attend bull trout conference; prepare SOW/Budget for FY06; develop subcontract with Yakama Nation | Overall Project Management; Attend bull trout conference; prepare SOW/Budget for FY07; develop subcontract with Yakama Nation. Develop project SOW and budgets for on-going operations. Oversee project implementation and completion of all on-the-ground activities. Develop master and subcontracts for funding source and the Yakama Nation. Attend annual Salvelinus confluentus Curiosity Society (ScCS) meeting that consists of bull trout researchers throughout Wa, Id, Or, and Mt. Develop presentation on Klickitat bull trout research efforts for ScCS meeting in 2006. | 3/1/2007 | 2/28/2008 | $100,808 |
Biological objectives Anadromous Salmon and Bull Trout Monitoring |
Metrics |
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Outreach and Education | Public involvement & population estimate assistance for salmon and bull trout presence | Public involvement and education regarding Lyle Falls fish ladder operations, anadromous population estimates, and bull trout monitoring results. Convene 2 annual meetings for dissemination of project data to public. Provide opportunities for public to participate in day-to-day operations and produce volunteer creel survey data for development of annual population estimates. Provide internship opportunity for local college/high school students. | 3/1/2007 | 2/28/2008 | $15,509 |
Biological objectives Project Coordination |
Metrics * # of general public reached: Display research results to recreational public * # of students reached: Provide student internship(s) |
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Produce Annual Report | Produce Annual Report | [Work Element Description Not Entered] | 4/1/2008 | 6/1/2008 | $62,036 |
Biological objectives Anadromous Salmon and Bull Trout Monitoring |
Metrics |
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Produce Status Report | Produce Status Reports | [Work Element Description Not Entered] | 3/1/2007 | 2/28/2008 | $7,754 |
Biological objectives Anadromous Salmon and Bull Trout Monitoring |
Metrics |
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Analyze/Interpret Data | Data analysis for Lyle Falls, Klickitat salmonid population estimates | Analyze all data for bull trout capture efficiencies, anadromous salmonid population assessments and passage results for Lyle Falls operations. Lyle falls passage data will be evaluated for species specific ladder usage and efficiencies, temporal timing for each species, development of annual species specific population estimates, scale and genetic tissue collection for age, origin, and stock assignments. | 3/1/2007 | 2/28/2008 | $124,072 |
Biological objectives Anadromous Salmon and Bull Trout Monitoring |
Metrics Primary R, M, and E Type: Lyle Falls trap efficiencies by species Primary R, M, and E Type: Klickitat River salmon run timing Primary R, M, and E Type: DranoLakebull trout capture methodology evaluation |
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Collect/Generate/Validate Field and Lab Data | Bull trout data Collection, Lyle Falls, Klickitat River | Biological sampling for bull trout in the Klickitat River. Develop sample design and schedule for data collection via biological sampling at Lyle Falls. Bio-data collection is outlined within attached documents Exhibit 1 and 2 in section 10. | 3/1/2007 | 2/28/2008 | $271,407 |
Biological objectives Anadromous Salmon and Bull Trout Monitoring |
Metrics Primary R, M, and E Type: Deploy/Evaluate capture methods for bull trout |
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Create/Manage/Maintain Database | Daily database updates and management | Real time database maintenance for daily sampling efforts. Access databases will be developed to manage collected bio-data from operations at Lyle Falls and Drano Lake. These will be updated no less than weekly and will provide the foundation for bull trout and salmonid analysis. Spreadsheets will be used to track volunteer efforts of student intern's and recreational fishers providing creel data from upriver fisheries. | 3/1/2007 | 2/28/2008 | $38,772 |
Biological objectives Anadromous Salmon and Bull Trout Monitoring |
Metrics |
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Develop RM&E Methods and Designs | Develop sample design and protocols for Lyle Falls | Develop sample design and protocols for monitoring at Lyle Falls #5 fish ladder/trapping facility. Trapping to implemented 7 days/week; biological sampling will be implemented 3-7 days/week as a function of recruitment, water conditions and any other environmental conditions that may exist. Handling and sampling protocols for bull trout and anadromous salmonids have been developed and are presented in section 10 as Exhibit 1 and 2. Annual population estimates will be developed using a Peterson mark-recapture method; temporal evaluations of species-specific stock run-timing will be developed and supported through the collection of scale samples for age and origin analysis as well as winter v. summer stock for steelhead. Genetic samples will be collected to support YKFP's hatchery steelhead introgression analysis. | 3/1/2007 | 4/1/2007 | $15,509 |
Biological objectives Anadromous Salmon and Bull Trout Monitoring |
Metrics |
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Disseminate Raw/Summary Data and Results | Distribute raw data to cooperating entities as per contract requirements | All data collected as a result of this project will be made available to StreamNet and CBFWA's C.S.M.E.P. and all requesting agencies and public. | 3/1/2007 | 2/28/2008 | $7,754 |
Biological objectives Anadromous Salmon and Bull Trout Monitoring |
Metrics |
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Install Fish Monitoring Equipment | Install Fish Monitoring Equipment | Installation of temporary weir structure for the capture and enumeration of bull trout and other salmonids. This structure will provide a secondary point of capture for the development of mark/recovery population estimates. Acquire and install video monitoring equipment for time-lapse monitoring of fish recruitment into trapping facility and ladder fall back rates for those fish that enter the ladder but do not enter the trapping structure. May also be used for evaluations of passage success of "jumpers" at the #5 falls. | 7/1/2007 | 12/31/2007 | $7,754 |
Biological objectives Anadromous Salmon and Bull Trout Monitoring |
Metrics |
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Mark/Tag Animals | Floy tagging & secondary marking of salmonids handled at Lyle Falls | Floy tagging & secondary marking of salmonids handled at Lyle Falls. All bull trout and anadromous salmonids will be biologically sampled as outlined within the attached documents Exhibit 1 and 2 in section 10. Mark recaptures will be obtained through spawning ground surveys conducted by YKFP personnel, voluntary recoveries of recreational fishers, and hatchery recruitments. These secondary recoveries will be used for a Peterson mark-recapture population estimate. | 3/1/2007 | 2/28/2008 | $23,263 |
Biological objectives Anadromous Salmon and Bull Trout Monitoring |
Metrics Primary R, M, and E Type: Mark/tag and release all upstream salmonids |
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Submit/Acquire Data | Research data dissemination | Coordination with CBFWA's Collaborative Systemwide Monitoring and Evaluation Program, Project 200303600. Data from this project would be made available to Stream Net's Independant Data Set warehouse for public review. In addition, database transfers occur regularly to the Yakama Nation in support of their YKFP, Klickitat Only Monitoring and Evaluation Project (BPA Project 199506325) and the development of the Klickitat Subbasin Anadromous Fishery Master Plan. Scale and genetic tissue samples have been taken and provided to WDFW for evaluation of winter steelhead genetic baseline development (Dan Rawding Personal Communications). Recoveries of out-of-basin steelhead floy tags are recovered periodically most of which have originated from the Hood River and data concerning these have been transferred to ODFW staff. Bi-annual public meetings provide open avenues of communications with the general public. Mass media publications such as the Oregonian and Fishing and Hunting News have been used to highlight research efforts and promote fisheries within the basin. Regular requests for information are received from fishers regarding the status of operations and salmonid population evaluations; where feasible data and trends are disseminated to fishers when requested. Water quality data collected will be made available to the Department of Ecology and USGS. Sampling efforts at both Drano and Lyle Falls have collected native resident fish and anadromous salmonids that will be/have been provided to USFWS for inclusion within their National Wild Fish Health Survey under the direction of Ken Lujan. | 3/1/2007 | 2/28/2008 | $7,754 |
Biological objectives Project Coordination |
Metrics |
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Install Flow Measuring Device | Install Flow Monitoring Equipment | Acquisition and installation of real-time flow and physicochemical monitoring equipment for monitoring conditions within Lyle Falls fish ladder. This can be especially critical during summer time flow conditions and drought events that may contribute to the unnecessary mortality of ESA listed steelhead. Water quality equipment will be used for long-term in-situ sampling of paramenters to include temperature, conductivity, pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen (mg/L), and dissolved oxygen percent saturation. | 3/1/2007 | 2/28/2008 | $7,759 |
Biological objectives Anadromous Salmon and Bull Trout Monitoring |
Metrics * Is the measuring device portable or fixed?: Portable flow monitoring equipment |
Section 8. Budgets
Itemized estimated budget
Item | Note | FY07 | FY08 | FY09 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Personnel | [blank] | $80,158 | $82,563 | $85,040 |
Fringe Benefits | [blank] | $26,724 | $27,526 | $28,351 |
Supplies | [blank] | $85,640 | $88,209 | $90,855 |
Travel | [blank] | $2,081 | $2,143 | $2,208 |
Overhead | [blank] | $56,279 | $57,967 | $59,706 |
Totals | $250,882 | $258,408 | $266,160 |
Total estimated FY 2007-2009 budgets
Total itemized budget: | $775,450 |
Total work element budget: | $775,450 |
Cost sharing
Funding source/org | Item or service provided | FY 07 est value ($) | FY 08 est value ($) | FY 09 est value ($) | Cash or in-kind? | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BPA | Downstream Smolt monitoring for incidental bull trout captures | $259,324 | $272,290 | $285,904 | In-Kind | Confirmed |
BPA | Electroshocking FCRPS reservoirs for N. Pikeminnow with potential bull trout captures | $108,250 | $113,933 | $119,629 | In-Kind | Confirmed |
BPA | Below Bonneville anadromous sampling with potential for bull trout captures | $123,058 | $129,211 | $135,671 | In-Kind | Confirmed |
Cooperative F&W Research Unit, Univ. of Idah | Radio Telemetry Receivers | $103,638 | $9,555 | $10,032 | In-Kind | Confirmed |
Totals | $594,270 | $524,989 | $551,236 |
Section 9. Project future
FY 2010 estimated budget: $274,145 FY 2011 estimated budget: $274,145 |
Comments: Minimal 3% growth annually for COLA and Overhead costs |
Future O&M costs: Future operations are proposed to continue in concert with the YKFP Project 199506325.
Termination date:
Comments: Future operations are proposed to continue in concert with the YKFP Project 199506325.
Final deliverables: Population baselines for all salmonids, fish ladder efficiencies, temporal variations of size and timing, quantitative evaluations of productivity for associated projects (BPA Project 199506325, YKFP, Klickitat Only). Statistically valid data set in support quantitative evaluations of the myriad YKFP projects within the basin.
Section 10. Narrative and other documents
Exhibit 1, Lyle Falls Salmon Protocols | Sep 2005 |
Exhibit 2, bull trout Sample Protocols | Apr 2005 |
Bull Trout Mainstem CR Historical Captures | Apr 2006 |
2005 Klickitat Salmonid Population Estimates | Jun 2006 |
200306500 Revised Narrative | Jul 2006 |
ISRP Review Response | Jul 2006 |
Reviews and recommendations
FY07 budget | FY08 budget | FY09 budget | Total budget | Type | Category | Recommendation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NPCC FINAL FUNDING RECOMMENDATIONS (Oct 23, 2006) [full Council recs] | ||||||
$0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | Expense | ProvinceExpense | Do Not Fund |
NPCC DRAFT FUNDING RECOMMENDATIONS (Sep 15, 2006) [full Council recs] | ||||||
$0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | ProvinceExpense | ||
NPCC DRAFT FUNDING RECOMMENDATIONS (Sep 15, 2006) [full Council recs] | ||||||
$0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | Multi-province | ||
Comments: Reduced or removed due to ISRP concerns. MSRT recommends $0. |
ISRP PRELIMINARY REVIEW (Jun 2, 2006)
Recommendation: Not fundable
NPCC comments: This proposal appears to redirect the program, and what is proposed differs substantially from previous work. If so, then the project as proposed should be reviewed as a new submission, rather than an ongoing one. The problem of monitoring anadromous salmonid and bull trout movements between Bonneville Reservoir and Klickitat River is well explained. The idea that baseline data are needed to assess future activities is sound. It is worth noting that there has been a minimum of 13 "capture events" of bull trout in Klickitat since 1980s. The objectives are defined but not necessarily measurable. It is not clear how the objectives are tied to the subbasin plan. The proposal states that biological objectives specific to species were not adopted due to insufficient data and the lack of confidence within the planning committee to identify adequate quantitative measures. The work elements need to be more adequately described. The monitoring and evaluation provisions have not been developed. Development of M&E is one of the objectives. The proposed work will use a stratified Peterson or Jolly-Seber mark-recapture methodology to estimate annual baseline populations for all salmonids in the basin. This is an item often cited in ISRP comments as being absent from project proposals/designs and more specifically, not having been adequately addressed in the Klickitat Subbasin Anadromous Fishery Master Plan, of the Klickitat River Subbasin Plan, Appendix F. All bull trout and salmonids will be biologically sampled and marked. Such work will almost exclusively be with species other than bull trout. The project history is described with limited success noted in several aspects (e.g. trapping bull trout at Drano). It is not clear that methods have been devised to increase the chances of success so it appears unlikely to yield substantial new information. Project staff have been attempting to collect bull trout in Drano for several years and apparently have caught none (a few have been caught by others). One fish was briefly radio-tagged but the "subject" shed its tag. This is a difficult task, no doubt, but several years more would seem to have little chance of success. Information transfer plans are minimal. If the project can provide baseline data that do not exist to support the development of baseline data for anadromous salmonids and bull trout within the Klickitat River subbasin this would be useful to other projects.
ISRP FINAL REVIEW (Aug 31, 2006)
Recommendation: Not fundable (Qualified)
NPCC comments: The information that this project would collect is important to evaluations of hatchery, habitat, and harvest management in the Klickitat subbasin (see ISRP's comments on M&E and the Master Plan review). However, the ISRP recommends that this work be incorporated within the M&E project (199506335) because there is so much overlap. The recommendation is also to monitor bull trout by coincidental capture, building the information base over time. If there is some small amount of work that is essential and should not be included in project 199506335, the sponsors should clearly identify and justify those objectives and work elements and explain why these cannot be included in the M&E project (199506335). In the original proposal the problem of monitoring anadromous salmonid and bull trout movements between Bonneville Reservoir and Klickitat River was well explained. The idea that baseline data are needed to assess future activities is sound. The objectives were defined but not necessarily measurable. Furthermore, it was not clear how the objectives were tied to the subbasin plan. The proposal stated that biological objectives specific to species were not adopted due to insufficient data and the lack of confidence within the planning committee to identify adequate quantitative measures. The work elements needed to be more adequately described. The monitoring and evaluation provisions had not been developed. The original proposal also described limited success over several years in trapping bull trout at Drano Lake. It is not clear that methods have been devised to increase the chances of success, so it appears unlikely to yield substantial new information. This is a difficult task, no doubt, but several years more would seem to have little chance of success. In response to the ISRP review the sponsors reduced the number of objectives from five to two. Objective 1 is designed to support a baseline database to fill data gaps for both anadromous salmonid and bull trout populations. Objective 2 focuses on communication and handling protocols for future bull trout captures. The revised narrative indicates the importance of this work to several projects within the Klickitat subbasin. An awareness of the need for population abundance and run timing information was made clear. In time, a much clearer picture of the recruitment of salmonids within the subbasin will emerge, and this should guide management decisions. The first results from mark-recapture studies, which provided valid and useable information, indicated that modifications to Lyle Falls may not be necessary for adequate fish passage, but that more efficient adult sampling, enumeration and broodstock collection may still be required. The abundance information is critical to the YKFP program and 198811535 (Planning), as well as to 199506335 (M&E). Nonetheless, little information was presented to convince reviewers that success in bull trout capture and sampling would increase substantially and effectively. Only a few captures might be expected. However, statistically valid population estimates of other species and run timing information indicates advantages in continuation; bull trout capture and sampling would be coincidental to this work, but at low capture and recapture rates. A review of tagging methodologies may also be necessary.